Newsgroup

Usenet newsgroup - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A newsgroup is a repository usually within the Usenet system, for messages ... to newsgroup file-sharing. How to Usenet - Beginner's Usenet Newsgroup Guide ...
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Newsgroups.com: Amplify Your USENET Experience
PREMIUM Usenet provider - access to 120,000 Newsgroups - Excellent Completion - Unbeatable Retention ... Copyright © 2005 NewsGroups(TM). All rights reserved. ...
www.newsgroups.com

Usenet.com
Offers dedicated MP3, binaries, multimedia, anonymous newsgroups spread over various newsgroup servers. Also is Web TV compatible.
www.usenet.com

CyberFiber: Usenet & Newsgroup Access
Full UNCENSORED access to all Newsgroups - FAST downloads - LONG retention - PERFECT completion - fully UNCENSORED and ANONYMOUS Usenet, Newsgroup and Newsgroups access.
www.cyberfiber.com

Google Groups
Google Groups allows users to start their own email discussion groups and message boards, and browse archives of Usenet groups.
www.dejanews.com

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A newsgroup is a repository usually within the Usenet system, for messages posted from many users at different locations. The term is somewhat confusing, because it is usually a discussion group. Newsgroups are technically distinct from, but functionally similar to, Internet forums on the World Wide Web. news client software is used to read newsgroups.

Hierarchies Newsgroups are often arranged into hierarchies, theoretically making it simpler to find related groups. The term top-level hierarchy refers to the hierarchy defined by the prefix prior to the first dot.

The most commonly known hierarchies are the usenet hierarchies. So for instance newsgroup rec.arts.sf.starwars.games would be in the rec.* top-level usenet hierarchy, where the asterisk (*) is defined as a wildcard character. There were seven original major hierarchies of usenet newsgroups, known as the "Big 7":

comp.* — Discussion of computer-related topics
news.* — Discussion of Usenet itself
sci.* — Discussion of scientific subjects
rec.* — Discussion of recreational activities (e.g. games and hobbies)
soc.* — Socialising and discussion of social issues.
talk.* — Discussion of contentious issues such as religion and politics.
misc.* — Miscellaneous discussion—anything which doesn't fit in the other hierarchies.

These were all created in the Great Renaming of 1986–1987, prior to which all of these newsgroups were in the net.* hierarchy. At that time there was a great controversy over what newsgroups should be allowed. Among those that the usenet cabal (who effectively ran the Big 7 at the time) did not allow were those concerning recipes, recreational drug use, and sex.

This resulted in the creation of an alt.* (short for "alternative") usenet hierarchy where these groups would be allowed. Over time the laxness of rules on newsgroup creation in alt.* compared to the Big 7 meant that many new topics could, given time, gain enough popularity to get a Big 7 newsgroup. This resulted in a rapid growth of alt.* which continues to this day. Due to the anarchistic nature with which the groups sprung up, some jokingly referred to ALT standing for "Anarchists, Lunatics and Terrorists".

In 1995, humanities.* was created for the discussion of the humanities (e.g. literature, philosophy), and the Big 7 became the Big 8.

The Alt.* hierarchy has discussion of all kinds of topics, and many hierarchies for discussion specific to a particular geographical area or in a language other than English.

Before a new Big 8 newsgroup can be created, an RFD (Request For Discussion) must be posted into the newsgroup news.announce.newgroups, which is then discussed in news.groups.proposals. Once the proposal has been formalized with a name, description, charter, the B8MB will vote on whether to create the group. If the proposal is approved by the B8MB, the group is created. Groups are removed in a similar manner.

Creating a new group in the alt.* hierarchy is not subject to the same rules; anybody can create a newsgroup, and anybody can remove them, but most news administrators will ignore these requests unless a local user requests the group by name.

Further hierarchies There are a number of newsgroup hierarchies outside of the Big 8 (& ALT), that can be found at many news servers. These include non-English language groups, groups managed by companies or organizations about their products, geographic/local hierarchies, and even non-internet network boards routed into NNTP. Examples include (alphabetic):

aus.* — Australian news groups
ba.* — Discussion in the San Francisco Bay area
ca.* — Discussion in California
can.* — Canadian news groups
cn.* — Chinese news groups
chi.* — Discussions about the Chicago area
de.* — Discussions in German
england.* — Discussions (mostly) local to England, see also uk.*
fidonet.* — Discussions routed from FidoNet
fr.* — Discussions in French
fj.* — "From Japan," discussions in Japanese
gnu.* — Discussions about GNU software
hawaii.* — Discussions (mostly) local to Hawaii
harvard.* — Discussions (mostly) local to Harvard
hp.* — Hewlett-Packard internal news groups
it.* — Discussions in Italian
microsoft.* — Discussions about Microsoft products
tw.* — Taiwan news groups
uk.* — Discussions on matters in the UK

Additionally, there is the free.* hierarchy, which can be considered "more alt than alt.*". There are many local sub-hierarchies within this hierarchy, usually for specific countries or cultures (such as free.it.* for Italy).

Types of newsgroups Typically, a newsgroup is focused on a particular topic such as "pigeon hunting". Some newsgroups allow the posting of messages on a wide variety of themes, regarding anything a member chooses to discuss as on-topic, while others keep more strictly to their particular subject, frowning on off-topic postings. The news admin (the administrator of a news server) decides how long articles are kept before being expired (deleted from the server). Usually they will be kept for one or two weeks, but some admins keep articles in local or technical newsgroups around longer than articles in other newsgroups.

Newsgroups generally come in either of two types, binary or text. There is no technical difference between the two, but the naming differentiation allows users and servers with limited facilities the ability to minimize network bandwidth usage. Generally, Usenet conventions and rules are enacted with the primary intention of minimizing the overall amount of network traffic and resource usage.

Newsgroups are much like the public message boards on old bulletin board systems. For those readers not familiar with this concept, envision an electronic version of the corkboard in the entrance of your local grocery store.

Newsgroups frequently become cliquish and are subject to sporadic flaming and Internet troll, but they can also be a valuable source of information, support and friendship, bringing people who are interested in specific subjects together from around the world.

Back when the early community was the pioneering computer society, the common habit seenwith many articles was a notice at the end disclosed if the author was free of, or had aconflict of interest, or had any financial motive, or axe to grind, in posting about anyproduct or issue. This is seen much less now, and the reader must read skeptically,just like in society. Besides all the privacy or Phishing issues.

There are currently well over 100,000 Usenet newsgroups, but only 20,000 or so of those are active. Newsgroups vary in popularity, with some newsgroups only getting a few posts a month while others get several hundred (and in a few cases several thousand) messages a day.

Weblogs have replaced some of the uses of newsgroups (especially because, for a while, they were less prone to spam (electronic)ming).

A website called Deja News began archive Usenet in the 1990s. DejaNews also provided a searchable web interface. Google bought the archive from them and made efforts to buy other Usenet archives to attempt to create a complete archive of Usenet newsgroups and postings from its early beginnings. Like DejaNews, Google has a web search interface to the archive, but Google also allows newsgroup posting.

Non-Usenet newsgroups are possible and do occur, as private individuals or organizations set up their own nntp servers. Examples include the newsgroups Microsoft run to allow peer-to-peer support of their products and those at news://news.grc.com.

How newsgroups work Newsgroup servers are hosted by various organizations and institutions. Most Internet Service Providers host their own News Server, or rent access to one, for their subscribers. There are also a number of companies who sell access to premium news servers.

Every host of a news server maintains agreements with other news servers to regularly synchronize. In this way news servers form a network. When a user posts to one news server, the message is stored locally. That server then shares the message with the servers that are connected to it if both carry the newsgroup, and from those servers to servers that they are connected to, and so on. For newsgroups that are not widely carried, sometimes a carrier group is used as a crossposting to aid distribution. This is typically only useful for groups that have been removed or newer alt.* groups. Crossposts between hierarchies, outside of the big eight and alt, are prone to failure..

Binary newsgroups While Newsgroups were not created with the intention of distributing binary files, they have proven to be quite effective for this. Due to the way they work, a file uploaded once will be spread and can then be downloaded by an unlimited number of users. More useful is the fact that every user is drawing on the bandwidth of their own news server. This means that unlike Peer-to-peer technology, the user's download speed is under their own control, as opposed to under the willingness of other people to share files. In fact this is another benefit of Newsgroups: it is usually not expected that users share. If every user makes uploads then the servers would be flooded; thus it is acceptable and often encouraged for users to just leech (computing).

There were originally a number of obstacles to the transmission of binary files over Usenet. Firstly, Usenet was designed with the transmission of text in mind. Due to this, for a long period of time, it was impossible to send binary data as it was. So, a workaround, Uuencode (and later on Base64 and yEnc), was developed which mapped the binary data from the files to be transmitted (e.g. sound or video files) to text characters which would survive transmission over Usenet. At the receiver's end, the data needed to be decoded by the user's news client. Additionally, there was a limit on the size of individual posts such that large files could not be sent as single posts. To get around this, Newsreaders were developed which were able to split long files into several posts. Intelligent newsreaders at the other end could then automatically group such split files into single files, allowing the user to easily retrieve the file. These advances have meant that Usenet is used to send and receive many Gigabytes of files per day.

There are two main issues that pose problems for transmitting binary files over Newsgroups. The first is completion rates and the other is Retention Rates. The business of premium News Servers is generated primarily on their ability to offer superior Completion and Retention Rates, as well as their ability to offer very fast connections to users. Completion rates are significant when users wish to download large files that are split into pieces; if any one piece is missing, it is impossible to successfully download and reassemble the desired file. To work around this, a redundancy scheme known as Parchive is commonly used.

A number of websites exist for the purpose of keeping an index of the files posted to binary Newsgroups.

Moderated newsgroups A moderated newsgroup has one or more individuals who must approve articles before they are posted at large.A separate address is used for the submission of posts and the moderators then propagate posts which areapproved for the readership. The first moderated newsgroups appeared in 1984 under mod.* according to RFC 2235, "Hobbes' Internet Timeline"

See also

List of newsgroups
Alt.* hierarchy
News client
News server
NNTP
Aggregator
Great Renaming
Backbone cabal
Google Groups

External links

The Big-8 Management Board
Binary newsgroup indexing
Alphabetical list of usenet hierarchies
The news.newusers.questions home page - a newsgroup for questions and answers about Usenet and the Internet
How to Usenet - Beginners Usenet Newsgroup Guide

Usenet newsgroup - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A newsgroup is a repository usually within the Usenet system, for messages posted from many users at different locations. The term is somewhat confusing, because it is usually a ...

newsgroup from FOLDOC
newsgroup < messaging > One of Usenet 's huge collection of topic groups or fora. Usenet groups can be "unmoderated" (anyone can post) or "moderated" (submissions are automatically ...

What is newsgroup? - a definition from Whatis.com
A newsgroup is a discussion about a particular subject consisting of notes written to a central Internet site and redistributed through Usenet, a worldwide network of news ...

Google Groups
Searchable archive of more than 700 million Usenet postings from a period of more than 20 years.

newsgroup - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about newsgroup
Discussion group on the Internet 's Usenet. Newsgroups are organized in seven broad categories: comp. - computers and programming; news. - newsgroups themselves; rec. - sports and ...

Newsgroup spam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Newsgroup spam is a type of spam where the targets are Usenet newsgroups. Spamming of Usenet newsgroups actually pre-dates e-mail spam. The first widely recognized Usenet spam ...

Guidelines on uk.* Newsgroup Names
Archive-name: uk/naming Last-modified: Fri Feb 20 19:16:22 GMT 2004 Guidelines on uk.* Newsgroup Names This document is intended to be a primer for use by those wishing to create ...

Newsgroup Setup Instructions
See how to access the Microsoft Dynamics Community newsgroups. Get information on choosing a newsgroup reader and avoiding spam in newsgroups, too.

MATLAB Central - Newsreader
file exchange and newsgroup access for the MATLAB and Simulink user community ... Public Submission Policy NOTICE: Any content you submit to MATLAB Central, including personal ...